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PPLI Wealth X-Ray · Methodology

How the Bank Safety Checker reads an account list

This page is the reference for the Bank Safety Checker: what the engine takes in, what it refuses to decide, how a rule becomes a published rule, and which versions are live. It is written for advisers and for anyone who wants to check a result rather than take it on trust. The current versions are catalogue-2026.11.01-v2 and rules-2026.11.01-v2; every result shows the versions it was computed with.

Data model

Eight objects, two views that are never mixed

The engine separates who you are, what you hold, where it is held, who issued it and which rule applies. That separation is the product. A single "account" object would have hidden the cases where one bank plays three roles.

Objects and the constraint each one enforces
ObjectKey fieldsConstraint
LegalEntityentity_id, legal_name, jurisdiction, registry id, status, verified_atA fixed internal id. Brands and aliases are mapped to the entity with a source and a date; a brand is never a key for a calculation.
EntityRelationshipfrom, to, relation_type, valid_from, valid_to, sourceGroup membership, brand and branch are separate links. No guarantee is ever inferred from an ownership link.
Accountaccount_ref, holder_ref, institution_id, booking_country, ownership_typeaccount_ref is a label you choose. The tool has no field for an account number.
Positionposition_id, asset_type, amount, currency, valuation_date, instrumentAmounts are decimal strings, carried as integer minor units. asset_type and ownership are required for any quantitative result.
Instrumentissuer_id, instrument_type, identifier, sourceAn unknown issuer stays unknown. A fund unit is not the list of assets inside the fund.
ProtectionRulerule_id, version, jurisdiction, eligibility, aggregation_key, limit, exclusionsConditions are written so that they can be tested deterministically. Publication needs a reviewer's signature.
EvidenceRecordsource_id, url, publisher, retrieved_at, effective_from, rightsA reference is not a licence to copy a database; the catalogue stores what we checked, not a mirror of the register.
AnalysisResultdataset_version, rules_version, coverage_status, findings, unresolvedSame inputs and versions give the same result. The scenario is not stored on any server in this version.

Ownership view and exposure view

The ownership view counts every asset once and gives the portfolio total. The exposure view shows overlapping relationships: a $100 bond can be held by one custodian and issued by another entity, so it appears under both, and the portfolio total stays $100. Exposure to a group of companies is a third view, separate from the pooling that the protection rules use: two licensed banks in one group are two pooling units; two brands of one bank are one.

Rule packs

What is live, what each pack covers, and what it excludes

RS_US_FDIC_SINGLE, version 1.0

FDIC standard maximum deposit insurance amount, single-account ownership category: USD 250,000 per depositor, per insured bank. Eligibility: account booked in the United States, asset type bank deposit, owner one individual with no beneficiaries named, currency USD, institution in the catalogue with an FDIC certificate. Pooling unit: one depositor, one legal bank, the single-account category. Excluded: securities, mutual funds and annuities (not deposits); deposits booked at a branch outside the United States; joint, trust, business and retirement categories (not calculated in this version). In force since 21 July 2010 at this level; checked 1 November 2026. Sources: FDIC, Deposit Insurance At A Glance; FDIC, Understanding Deposit Insurance.

RS_CH_PRIVILEGED_DEPOSITS, version 1.0

Swiss privileged deposits and esisuisse protection: CHF 100,000 per client and bank. Eligibility: account booked in Switzerland, asset type bank deposit, owner one individual or a joint account of individuals (a joint-account group counts as one client since 1 January 2023), currency CHF, institution in the catalogue as a FINMA-authorised Swiss bank. Excluded: deposits held by banks, securities firms and insurers for their own account; custody assets; trust and company ownership (not calculated). In force in this form since 1 January 2023; checked 1 November 2026. Sources: FINMA, Depositor protection; esisuisse, Changes as of 2023; Banking Act, Articles 37a, 37b and 37h.

RS_CH_CUSTODY_SEGREGATION, version 1.0

Custody assets at a Swiss bank belong to the client, are segregated from the bankrupt estate and returned. This is a rule about ownership of the asset, not about its value or the solvency of its issuer, and it produces a description, never an amount. Sources: FINMA, Depositor protection; Banking Act, Article 37d.

RS_US_CUSTODY_NOTE, version 1.0

Securities and fund units held through a US bank or broker are not insured deposits. Customer-property rules and SIPC protection exist and are not calculated here. Descriptive only. Sources: FDIC, Deposit Insurance At A Glance; SIPC, What SIPC protects.

Reference facts shown beside findings

Version 2 of the rule packs attaches dated statements from the sources to each finding, so a reader sees how a scheme pays and not only how much: the FDIC's stated goal of paying insured deposits within two business days of a failure and the Receiver's Certificate for the uninsured part (FDIC, Payment to Depositors); the second creditor class and immediate payment of privileged deposits from liquid assets (FINMA); esisuisse's seven-working-day transfer to the liquidator and the prefunding of half its obligation (esisuisse, Changes as of 2023); and the segregation of custody assets (FINMA). These are quotations or close paraphrases, not rules the engine calculates with.

Reason codes

A result that cannot be confirmed carries one of these codes instead of a figure: ENTITY_AMBIGUOUS (the name matches more than one legal entity, for example a cooperative group), ENTITY_UNVERIFIED (not in the catalogue), ENTITY_NOT_COVERED (catalogued under another country's pack), OWNERSHIP_UNSUPPORTED, JURISDICTION_UNSUPPORTED, FX_MISSING (deposit currency differs from the rule's; no exchange rate is loaded in this version), ISSUER_UNKNOWN, FUND_NO_LOOKTHROUGH, POLICY_NOT_CALCULATED, BROKER_CASH_UNDETERMINED, CUSTODY_RULE_UNDETERMINED, ASSET_TYPE_UNKNOWN, DUPLICATE_POSITION, AMOUNT_INVALID, CURRENCY_UNKNOWN. An error is never returned as a zero amount.

Institution catalogue

One hundred and forty-one banks, each checked against a register

The catalogue is deliberately small. An entry is added when its legal name and official identifier have been checked against the named register on a stated date, and when the brands that appear on statements have been mapped to it. A bank that is not listed can still be entered as "Other"; the engine maps it and marks every deposit at it as unverified.

Catalogue catalogue-2026.11.01-v2
CountryLegal entityIdentifierGroup recorded
USJPMorgan Chase Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 628JPMorgan Chase & Co.
USBank of America, National AssociationFDIC Cert 3510Bank of America Corporation
USCitibank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 7213Citigroup Inc.
USWells Fargo Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 3511Wells Fargo & Company
USGoldman Sachs Bank USAFDIC Cert 33124The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
USU.S. Bank National AssociationFDIC Cert 6548U.S. Bancorp
USCapital One, National AssociationFDIC Cert 4297Capital One Financial Corporation
USPNC Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 6384The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.
USTruist BankFDIC Cert 9846Truist Financial Corporation
USThe Bank of New York MellonFDIC Cert 639The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
USMorgan Stanley Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 32992Morgan Stanley
USState Street Bank and Trust CompanyFDIC Cert 14State Street Corporation
USTD Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 18409The Toronto-Dominion Bank
USFifth Third Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 6672Fifth Third Bancorp
USThe Huntington National BankFDIC Cert 6560Huntington Bancshares Incorporated
USBMO Bank National AssociationFDIC Cert 16571Bank of Montreal
USCharles Schwab Bank, SSBFDIC Cert 57450The Charles Schwab Corporation
USMorgan Stanley Private Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 34221Morgan Stanley
USFirst-Citizens Bank & Trust CompanyFDIC Cert 11063First Citizens BancShares, Inc.
USCitizens Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 57957Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
USManufacturers and Traders Trust CompanyFDIC Cert 588M&T Bank Corporation
USAmerican Express National BankFDIC Cert 27471American Express Company
USKeyBank National AssociationFDIC Cert 17534KeyCorp
USAlly BankFDIC Cert 57803Ally Financial Inc.
USThe Northern Trust CompanyFDIC Cert 913Northern Trust Corporation
USHSBC Bank USA, National AssociationFDIC Cert 57890HSBC Holdings plc
USRegions BankFDIC Cert 12368Regions Financial Corporation
USPinnacle BankFDIC Cert 35583Pinnacle Financial Partners, Inc.
USUBS Bank USA, National AssociationFDIC Cert 57565UBS Group AG
USSynchrony BankFDIC Cert 27314Synchrony Financial
USUSAA Federal Savings BankFDIC Cert 32188USAA
USSantander Bank, N.A.FDIC Cert 29950Banco Santander, S.A.
USCity National BankFDIC Cert 17281Royal Bank of Canada
USWestern Alliance BankFDIC Cert 57512Western Alliance Bancorporation
USZions Bancorporation, N.A.FDIC Cert 2270Zions Bancorporation
USFlagstar Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 32541Flagstar Financial, Inc.
USEast West BankFDIC Cert 31628East West Bancorp, Inc.
USFirst Horizon BankFDIC Cert 4977First Horizon Corporation
USOld National BankFDIC Cert 3832Old National Bancorp
USUMB Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 8273UMB Financial Corporation
USSouthState Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 33555SouthState Corporation
USCIBC Bank USAFDIC Cert 33306Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
USValley National BankFDIC Cert 9396Valley National Bancorp
USColumbia BankFDIC Cert 17266Columbia Banking System, Inc.
USBanco Popular de Puerto RicoFDIC Cert 34968Popular, Inc.
USSoFi Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 26881SoFi Technologies, Inc.
USFrost BankFDIC Cert 5510Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
USBOKF, National AssociationFDIC Cert 4214BOK Financial Corporation
USAssociated Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 5296Associated Banc-Corp
USFirst National Bank of PennsylvaniaFDIC Cert 7888F.N.B. Corporation
USBank of ChinaFDIC Cert 33653Bank of China Limited
USEverBank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 34775EverBank Financial Corp
USRaymond James BankFDIC Cert 33893Raymond James Financial, Inc.
USProsperity BankFDIC Cert 16835Prosperity Bancshares, Inc.
USBarclays Bank DelawareFDIC Cert 57203Barclays PLC
USMidFirst BankFDIC Cert 4063Midland Financial Co.
USBank OZKFDIC Cert 110Bank OZK
USDeutsche Bank Trust Company AmericasFDIC Cert 623Deutsche Bank AG
USAtlantic Union BankFDIC Cert 34589Atlantic Union Bankshares Corporation
USHancock Whitney BankFDIC Cert 12441Hancock Whitney Corporation
USCommerce BankFDIC Cert 24998Commerce Bancshares, Inc.
USBanc of CaliforniaFDIC Cert 24045Banc of California, Inc.
USBankUnited, National AssociationFDIC Cert 58979BankUnited, Inc.
USFirst National Bank of OmahaFDIC Cert 5452First National of Nebraska, Inc.
USUnited BankFDIC Cert 22858United Bankshares, Inc.
USTexas Capital BankFDIC Cert 34383Texas Capital Bancshares, Inc.
USFulton Bank, National AssociationFDIC Cert 7551Fulton Financial Corporation
USTD Bank USA, National AssociationFDIC Cert 33947The Toronto-Dominion Bank
USGlacier BankFDIC Cert 30788Glacier Bancorp, Inc.
USEastern BankFDIC Cert 32773Eastern Bankshares, Inc.
USBNY Mellon, National AssociationFDIC Cert 7946The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
CHUBS Switzerland AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedUBS Group AG
CHUBS AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedUBS Group AG
CHZürcher KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHRaiffeisen (Switzerland)Not an entity; returns ENTITY_AMBIGUOUSRaiffeisen Group
CHPostFinance AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedDie Schweizerische Post AG
CHBanque Pictet & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedPictet Group
CHBank Julius Bär & Co. AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedJulius Bär Gruppe AG
CHBanque Lombard Odier & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedLombard Odier Group
CHEFG Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedEFG International AG
CHBank Vontobel AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedVontobel Holding AG
CHBank J. Safra Sarasin AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedJ. Safra Sarasin Holding AG
CHUnion Bancaire Privée, UBP SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedUBP Group
CHMirabaud & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedMirabaud Group
CHEdmond de Rothschild (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedEdmond de Rothschild Group
CHBanque Syz SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedSyz Group
CHLGT Bank (Schweiz) AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedLGT Group (Liechtenstein)
CHRothschild & Co Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedRothschild & Co
CHBergos AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHREYL & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedIntesa Sanpaolo
CHGonet & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Bonhôte & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHPiguet Galland & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedBanque Cantonale Vaudoise
CHMaerki Baumann & Co. AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Heritage SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHCBH Compagnie Bancaire Helvétique SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cramer & Cie SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHONE swiss bank SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHJ.P. Morgan (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedJPMorgan Chase & Co.
CHGoldman Sachs Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedThe Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
CHMorgan Stanley (Switzerland) AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedMorgan Stanley
CHCitibank (Switzerland) AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedCitigroup Inc.
CHHSBC Private Bank (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedHSBC Holdings plc
CHBNP Paribas (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedBNP Paribas
CHCA Indosuez (Switzerland) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedCrédit Agricole
CHDeutsche Bank (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedDeutsche Bank AG
CHBarclays Bank (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedBarclays PLC
CHArab Bank (Switzerland) LtdFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedArab Bank Group
CHHabib Bank AG ZurichFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Audi (Suisse) SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedBank Audi
CHBank CIC (Schweiz) AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedCrédit Mutuel
CHMigros Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedMigros
CHBank Cler AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedBasler Kantonalbank
CHValiant Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHSwissquote Bank SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedSwissquote Group
CHCembra Money Bank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBank WIR GenossenschaftFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHHypothekarbank Lenzburg AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBank von Roll AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale VaudoiseFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale de GenèveFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBasler KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHLuzerner Kantonalbank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHSt.Galler Kantonalbank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBerner Kantonalbank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHThurgauer KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHGraubündner KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHAargauische KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHZuger KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHSchwyzer KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale de FribourgFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale du ValaisFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale NeuchâteloiseFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanque Cantonale du Jura SAFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBasellandschaftliche KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHSchaffhauser KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHGlarner Kantonalbank AGFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHNidwaldner KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHObwaldner KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHUrner KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHAppenzeller KantonalbankFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone
CHBanca dello Stato del Cantone TicinoFINMA-authorised bank; UID not loadedNone

The 71 US entries are the largest FDIC-insured banks by assets; their certificate numbers were read from the FDIC's institution register on 1 November 2026, and each entry records the brands, divisions and sweep programs that appear on statements under its name. The 70 Swiss entries cover the two UBS banks, the private banks, the cantonal banks, PostFinance and the Swiss subsidiaries of the international groups. Swiss entries carry the legal name as published by the bank and by FINMA; the commercial-register UID will be added when each one has been checked individually, and until then the field says "not loaded" rather than carrying a guess. A catalogue entry can be suspended without touching the rule packs.

Publishing a rule

How a change in the law reaches the engine

Collect the source. Extract what changed. Draft the rule with its eligibility, pooling unit, limit, exclusions and effective date. Have a domain reviewer read it against the source. Run it against the test cases, real but disguised or synthetic. Have a second person approve publication. Publish a new, numbered version. The person who drafted a rule is never its only approver, and a change in a public figure is never pushed to users automatically.

Each published bundle is immutable and carries a checksum; earlier versions are kept so that a report can be reproduced. "Last checked" and "in force since" are two separate fields, because a document published today can describe a rule that starts next year. A source that has expired or that contradicts another source suspends only the findings that depend on it; the screen says which part is unavailable and why.

Language models may be used to suggest a text extraction or to flag a change. They do not decide a limit, an eligibility, an entity's identity or a result. The source is kept, every material extraction is verified by a person, and no external file or page can alter the engine's instructions.

Operations

Each source has an owner, a checking frequency and a maximum age. The initial schedule is: official notices every working day, rule packs monthly, entity mappings at the cadence of the register. None of this is real time, and the tool does not present it as such. Because this version keeps no accounts, earlier users cannot be notified of a change; every downloaded summary carries its versions and a link back to this page for that reason.

Tests

The fixtures the engine must pass before a version ships

A domain reviewer defines the expected result and the evidence for each case; a test that merely restates the engine's formula proves nothing. Every rule change re-runs all cases for that country plus the shared pooling and identity cases. The current set, all passing on 1 November 2026:

Fixture set, rules-2026.11.01-v2
CaseExpected
Two deposits at one bank, one owner: $200,000 and $100,000Pool before limit: $250,000 within, $50,000 above; cites RS_US_FDIC_SINGLE and the FDIC source; the surplus is never described as a loss
Two brands of one legal entityOne limit, not two
Two licensed banks in one groupTwo pools, two limits; a group link shown separately with no guarantee inferred
Trust or company ownershipunsupported, with no amount that could be mistaken for a single-owner figure; the amount moves to "not determined"
Fund units at a Swiss custodianNo deposit limit applied; segregation finding under RS_CH_CUSTODY_SEGREGATION; nothing counted as an eligible deposit
Bank's own bond held in custody at that bank, plus a deposit thereCustody and issuer links to the same entity; bond excluded from the deposit pool; "issuer is custodian" note; entity exposure equals deposit plus issuer claim; portfolio total counts each asset once
Another issuer's paper held at a bankCustodian carries no credit exposure; the issuer does
Cash inside a policyNo deposit cover inferred; POLICY_NOT_CALCULATED
Unknown or ambiguous entityENTITY_UNVERIFIED or ENTITY_AMBIGUOUS; not a zero, not a green mark
The same position entered twiceSecond entry ignored by id; the total does not grow
EUR deposit at a US bankFX_MISSING; no converted amount, no limit test
Three deposits of 100,000.99Exact cents through pooling; rounding only at display
Swiss joint account of CHF 300,000One client: CHF 100,000 within, CHF 200,000 above (2023 rule); the same account in the US pack is unsupported
Two holders at one bankTwo pools, one per owner; only the owner above the limit is reported above it
Several divisions of one chartered bank (Zions, Western Alliance, Glacier and the like)One pool, one limit
US-booked deposit entered against a Swiss bankENTITY_NOT_COVERED; the reader is asked which entity and branch books the account
ObservationsGenerated from the result: largest dependency with its composition, pools above a limit, pooled brands, group links, custody versus debt, issuer-is-custodian, undetermined share; never a verdict word
What-if moveComputed on a copy; the live scenario is unchanged until applied; a move inside one group is flagged
Same input, same versions, run twiceByte-identical output apart from the timestamp
Network and storage during a scenarioNo requests, no local storage, no session storage, no cookies written by the tool

The fixtures confirm that the code does what this page says. They do not test the law, and they do not test the assumption that the institution you selected is the one on your statement. Those are the reviewer's and the reader's jobs respectively.

Review record

Engine and interface: built and fixture-tested 1 November 2026; version 1.1.0 the same day (institution search across brands, named holders, observations, what-if, concentration, payout facts, catalogue v2), 42 fixtures passing. Catalogue: US entries checked against FDIC records 1 November 2026; Swiss entries checked against FINMA's authorised-institutions list 1 November 2026. Rule packs: drafted from the cited sources 1 November 2026; published for the pilot; independent banking-law review for the United States and for Switzerland is the next step, and the reviewer's name and date will be added here when it is complete. Until then the checker carries the pilot label. Responsible for content: Eldar Edmond Grady, Chief Executive Officer, PPLI.com. Corrections: [email protected].

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